Impact Of Trade And Conquest On The Civilizations

Early civilizations we have learned include Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China. After learning about these civilization, I can include there were many impacts to the development and spread of these civilizations. Although trade and conquest were the two more prominent impacts, conflict (conquest) had the most important impact on the developments of these early civilizations. Trade and conquest both had their impacts, but looking closer one impact was more significant than the other. Trade was a way for people to obtain goods they didn’t have or couldn’t make by giving away an item they had a surplus amount of. Trade, in my opinion, didn’t have much of an impact as conquest. Trade was only small development, whereas conquest was the process of gaining territory by the use of subjugation and military forces. Early civilizations developed from conquest because without conquest the same civilization would own the same territory. There were multiple early civilizations, and if they had never conquest for more land, other civilizations would overrule them and take their territory. Further spread of civilization happened directly through conquest, the spread of how much land they had and could acquire was due to conquest and military forces. Because conflict and conquest exists, they realized they had to defend their civilization and build military forces to keep enemies out. Conflict helped these civilizations understand there was much more than finding a place to live and foodShow MoreRelatedThe Rise and Spread of Islam1129 Words   |  5 Pagespeople turned to a higher power, which resulted in a religious boom. The main religion during the post classical era that had the greatest impact on people was Islam due to Muhammad, trade routes, the Black Plague, conquests and Islamic culture. The prophet Muhammad had a significant impact on the rise and spread of the religion Islam. According to World Civilizations, Muhammad â€Å"began receiving revelations transmitted from Allah,† and later these revelations became holy scripts in the Quran. MuhammadRead MoreThe Role Of Religion On The Growth Of The Ancient Civilizations908 Words   |  4 PagesThe Role of Religion What role did religion play in the growth of the Ancient civilizations? Religion can invade, conquer, and rule masses of people far more effectively and efficiently than any empire or conqueror. This is not to spark a heated discussion about religions. Its purpose is, to say that, even though it is highly debatable whether religions are false or true, most of them serve a very basic purpose of establishing morals and values. Early religions were used as a source of power andRead MoreModel Essay Comparison Essay Post-Classical Civilizations1304 Words   |  6 PagesQuestion: With the collapse of the classical civilizations, post-classical civilizations arose shortly thereafter. Compare the factors that led to the rise post-classical civilizations from 500 CE to 1200CE between two of the following regions- Europe, East Asia, Africa or the Middle East. Model Essay Comparison Essay Post-Classical Civilizations With the collapse of the Roman, Gupta and Han empires, the world was left in a period of chaos with little structure in most areas. However afterRead MoreThe Earth And It s Peoples1068 Words   |  5 Pages1. A cosmopolitan civilization developed through increased and farther-reaching trade, connections, conquests, and relocations. This civilization took the form of diverse groups of people with similar technologies and beliefs. The book, â€Å"The Earth and It’s Peoples† says, â€Å"Akkadian became the language of correspondence between governments. The Elamites and Hittites, among others, adapted the cuneiform system to write their own languages†¦ Mesopotamian myths, legends, and styles of art and architectureRead MoreHow Do The Neolithic And Paleolithic Revolutions Differ?1657 Words   |  7 Pagessociety greatly. 2. What impact does the surplus production of agriculture have on societies? If societies are able to not only create a constant food supply, but also have a surplus of food, it allows them to begin specializing labor onto areas other than farming. The focus may still be on farming however select amounts of people can now specialize on other things like building tools, architecture, science, etc. This creates a tremendous impact because it allows the civilization to advance in areas otherRead MoreThe Greek And Greek Influence Of The Roman Empire1604 Words   |  7 PagesAnother empire would soon take many influences from the Greeks. In Rome, an empire was beginning to rise. Roman civilization had its roots in Hellenistic culture because they idolized them. They borrowed and enhanced upon the Greek intellectual accomplishments. As the empire expanded this would become increasingly important. As the Romans continued to expand their empire and influence, they were also spreading the culture of those who influenced them—the Greeks. The Roman Empire at th eir peak hadRead MoreThe Age Of Exploration And Its Effects On Economic And Political Power1611 Words   |  7 Pagescertainly be the newfound relation between, capitalism and globalization and their effects on economic and political power. However some countries succeeded in their endeavour of international trade, while others did not. Europeans constructed and maintained their trade and territorial empires, whether through conquest, centralizing authority, religious conversion, commercial monopolies, or through conflict with other Europeans. Economics seems to be the most significant factor in the production line ofRead MoreChange over Time Essay: Mesopotamia from 2000 Bce to Current Day1078 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom 2000 BCE to Current Day The earliest civilization in Asia arose around 3500 BCE in Mesopotamia meaning land between the rivers because of its convenient location between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. This river valley regions rich soil and access to waterways made early civilization thrive on agriculture and trade. Although much has changed since its beginnings, the Mesopotamian River Valley has continued to grow and develop as a civilization to this day. During the time period 2000 BCERead MoreThe Golden Age Of Destruction998 Words   |  4 Pagesalso influenced every civilizations they had come across. This period of expansion, however, can be seen more as an age of destruction rather than an age of discovery. The Europeans have left a trail of negative effects on every route they took – the Americas, Africa, and including their own continent, Europe. The Effects on the Americas Prior to colonization, the Americas was a land of many flourishing civilizations, from the Olmec to the Inka. Each one of these civilizations had their own set ofRead MoreIslam : An Abrahamic Monotheistic Religions1675 Words   |  7 PagesProphet Muhammad united a great deal of the Arabian Peninsula through conquests and conversions, however he passed away before he could successfully conquest all of greater Iran and surrounding areas. Despite this, succeeding leaders carried on with the conquests that Muhammad has started and although they faced obstacles, Islam would not be what it is today without the perseverance and victories of the Muslim Arabs during their conquests. It was this Islamic ideology mixed with the economic benefits

Psychodynamic vs Behaviourist Theory Free Essays

Psychology is not just philosophical speculation and reasoning over the years it has evolved and it is now also recognised as a science, to understand what psychology is all about it is necessary to know it’s origins and the theorist who brought it out of obscurity, Sigmund Freud. He developed the Psychodynamic or Psychoanalytical perspective to enable better understanding of human behaviour these concepts will be discussed further later in this study. After Freud opened the gateway other perspectives and approaches have been developed, now with five main areas of psychology – Cognitive, Behaviourist, Biopsychology and Humanist approaches. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychodynamic vs Behaviourist Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now For a comparison with the Psychodynamic theory, Behaviourist Theory will be discussed. Psychodynamic theory is referred to in psychological literature more than any other. This is the stereotypical psychology – looking into your past, discovering hidden desires, rummaging through the unconscious. It is the most radical of the five theories, and by far the most criticised – accused of being sexist, seeing the human population as ill, and considering sex and hostility as the only motivation for human actions. However, this theory has proven to be one of the most influential forces in the twentieth century. Sigmund Freud believed that humans are driven from birth by two innate instincts Eros the life instinct – the self-preserving and erotic instinct and Thanatos the death instinct – the self destructive, aggression and cruelty instinct. These are controlled by a free floating sexual energy, the libido and is seen to be the single most important motivating force in adult life, driven from birth to enhance bodily pleasure. There is a lot more to the mind than meets the eye, much like an iceberg – only the very tip is showing. He is the one who came up with the concept of one’s unconscious – the part of the mind where desires and memories are stored, unrecognised, only hinted at through dreams or slips of the tongue or the ‘Freudian slip’ as it is more widely known. Rallying between the conscious and unconscious are the id, ego, and superego – separate and conflicting forces, requiring a balance for mental health and normal behaviour. The id is a person’s animal force, their need to satisfy basic psychological needs. The superego is the ‘ideal’ force, the civilised, competent figure the person strives to be. The ego sort of regulates the two, keeping the id satisfied while staying within the guidelines of the superego. The strength of each individual force is a factor in personality – if a person’s superego is too strong, they are seen as rigid and guilty. If a person’s id is too strong, they are seen as delinquent and antisocial (Boeree, 2000). The psychodynamic theory also established the idea that what happens in a person’s childhood is one of the most important factors in personality development, especially traumatic experiences. The theory states that children who go through such things repress their memories, and this is the cause of adulthood mental disease. In order to further understand how personalities are shaped during childhood, Freud thought up the psychosexual stages. This shows the development of the id and the establishment of pleasure-sensitive areas known as erogenous zones. This also brings about the idea of fixations. Such things are developed in the Oral stage of a child’s development from birth to eighteen months where the mouth is the source of nourishment and pleasure an example of this is seen in a nursing infant and if deprived of nourishment will fixate their pleasure seeking energies on this stage, the need to constantly stimulate the mouth through smoking, biting and chewing. The next is the Anal stage between eighteen and thirty-six months focus on bladder and bowl elimination and is seen as a source of pleasure when the child is able to control them, this is why toilet training usually happens around this age and if not mastered an adult would be seen to be anal expulsive or anal retentive. Phallic stage between age three and five years where sexual energy is focused on the genitals. Oedipus and Electra complex in which the child unconsciously wishes to posses the parent of the opposite sex and rid themselves of the parent of the same sex. The result of this desire in boys would experience castration anxiety which would drive them to identify with their fathers. If there is no male figure in this stage of a child’s development it is thought that the child will have problems with authority figures later in life as he has never had the chance to conclude this stage. Freud’s explanation for the female development claiming that they would experience penis envy (a realisation they do not have a penis) they would eventually overcome by achieving motherhood and having their own baby. Latency stage from six years through puberty here the child will develop their confidence and mastery of the world around them. He believed that during this stage their experiences and excitations of previous stages are repressed and children develop infantile amnesia being unable to remember much of their earlier years. The Genital stage from twelve years upwards to adulthood is the culmination of the psychosexual development and the fixing of sexual energy in the genitals. This eventually directs humans towards sexual intercourse and the beginnings of the next cycle of life (Breger, 2009). John Watson a theorist who rejected the idea of introspection and every part of the psychodynamic theory, suggested the Behaviourist view is an objective, experimental branch of natural science who are interested in prediction and control of behaviour, most of the early research was carried out on animals before moving onto humans. This is an approach that believes people are born ‘Tabula rasa’ literally meaning ‘blank slate’, that all human behaviour is infinitely plastic and therefore is ultimately explainable in terms of the experiences that an organism goes through rather than any genetic predisposition of characteristics that the organism possesses. The relationship between the environment and the organism is seen as a straight line, in that the organisms act on their environment, which in turn provides rewards and punishments to determine the future probability of a response occurring. Behaviours are acquired or learned in one of two main ways, these are classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Examples of classical conditioning applied to real life are things like, taste aversion, learned emotions, advertising and development of phobias. Use of operant conditioning is referred to as behaviour modification such as in a classroom or therapy settings (Wyman, 2005). Watson suggests that children have three basic emotions, fear, rage and love and attempted to prove that these emotions could be artificially conditioned. The experiment of Little Albert is his most famous and controversial experiment, Watson and a graduate assistant named Rosalie Rayner conditioned a small child to fear a white rat. They accomplished this by repeatedly pairing the white rat with a loud, frightening clanging noise. They were also able to demonstrate that this fear could be generalized to other white, furry objects. The ethics of the experiment are often criticized today, especially because the child’s fear was never deconditioned. Another example of classical conditionning is Ian Pavlov ‘Dogs’, in this experiment he noted that dogs would salivate before the delivery of food. In a series of well-known experiments, he presented a variety of stimuli before the presentation of food, eventually finding that, after repeated association, a dog would salivate (response) to the presence of a stimulus (noise) other than food (Bitterman, 2006). The most influential of all behaviourists is B F Skinner he is famous for his research on operant conditioning and negative reinforcement. He developed a device called the ‘cumulative recorder’ which showed rates of responding as a sloped line. Using this device, he found that behaviour did not depend on the preceding stimulus as Watson and Pavlov maintained. Instead, Skinner found that behaviours were dependent upon what happens after the response, therefore, using positive and negative reinforcement responses can be conditioned to a stimulus, those that are rewarded will increase and those that are not will decrease (Rubin, 2003). Not unlike other perspectives Behaviourism has gone through many transformations in the years since is conception by John Watson, one of the recent extensions in this approach has been the development of Social Learning theory. This theory is most relevant to criminology. Bandura suggests that we learn through observation, imitation and modelling of a significant other, people learn through the outcome of those behaviours and later a person will form an idea which serves as a guide for action. A significant other could be someone one aspires to become, not necessarily family, it could be someone famous for instance. If a person sees another being rewarded or punished for a certain behaviour they may or may not copy that behaviour, what is seen as a punishment or reward for one person may not be for another. However, if it is a person they aspire to be children in particular tend to emulate this behaviour either good or bad. Part of this study was the ‘Bobo doll’ experiment, he demonstrated that children learn and imitate behaviours they have observed in other people. The children observed an adult acting violently toward a Bobo doll. When the children were later allowed to play in a room with the Bobo doll, they began to imitate the aggressive actions they had previously observed (Green, 2003). Psychology has changed its face over the many years since Freud first introduced the psychodynamic theory putting forward a different way of trying to understand why people behave the way they do, moving onto the Behaviourist approach which completely refutes Freud’s theory by refusing to accept that people are born with natural innate instincts and that consciousness is the subject matter of psychology, who believe that psychology is about behaviour and activities and that the consciousness is not definable. They leave a huge gaping whole in their theory relating to perception, sensations, memories and imagination. Whereas Freud simply focused on his masculinity and the inferiority of the female population, although he can be forgiven for this as his theory came about in the Victorian era and this theory was a major breakthrough in history and is still one of the biggest thinkers and without whom psychologists and the like would not know as much about ourselves as people do. References Breger, L. (2009). From Instinct to Identity: The Development of Personality. 1st ed. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. 1-18. Grieve, K. (2006). A student’s A-Z of Psychology. 1st ed. California: Juta Academic. Hayes, N. (1993). A first course in Psychology. 12th ed. Cheltenham: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. Bitterman, M. (2006). Classical Conditioning since Pavlov. Review of General Psychology. 10 (4), 365-375. Wyman, R. (2005). Experimental anaylasis of nature-nurture interactions. JEZ. 03A (6), 415-421. Boeree, G. (2000). Freud and Psychoanalysis. Available: http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/psychoanalysis. html#Johann_Reil. Last accessed 10 November 2010 Geen, C. (2003). Transmission of aggression through immitation of aggressive models. Available: http://psychclassics. asu. edu/Bandura/bobo. htm. Last accessed 10 Nov 2010. Rubin, J. (2003). From Pavlov to Skinner Box. Available: http://www. juliantrubin. com/bigten/skinnerbox. html. Last accessed 10 November 2010 How to cite Psychodynamic vs Behaviourist Theory, Papers

Evidence Based HRM Home Furnishing

Questions: 1.Evidence-based HRM, a specific application of the broader term, evidence-based management,explain what is meant by this term. Why is this important in HR practice? 2. Find any two internet written sources that you believe would be useful to Israel Tobin in persuading Mark French of the strategic value of the HR function in CERA? 3. Using the CRAP test, evaluate the two sources that you used above? Answers: 1.Evidence based HRM Evidence based HRM is the human resource practice, which is the process of identifying as well as employing critically the HR approaches and interventions that have the most potential basis of empirical support to attain the desired results (de Waal Roobol, 2014). It is mainly utilizing the existing evidence present within the field of Human Resource Management in terms of informing the HR policy, interventions, decision making and especially strategy as well. On the other hand, the evidence based HR practice has the capability of ensuring that the practitioners have few ideas regarding what works depending on current and historical evidence (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). Evidence based Human Resource Management plays significant role in HR practice as it has its base within the scientific community and in particular, the medical profession has embraced. The HR professionals should become familiar with the practice and theory as well of such an approach in terms of becoming evidence based practitioner (Gubbins Rousseau, 2015). Evidence based HRM helps in implementing more effective as well as informed decision making. On the other hand, it also provides an enhanced capability of aligning the HR practice with the strategic goals of the company (Hakem, Zadeh Baba, 2016). Apart from that, it is a more analytical approach depending on the existing data, statistics, analytics and information as well. 2.Internet Written Sources Hence, two articles have been analyzed which would be helpful to Israel Tobin in persuading Mark French regarding the strategic value of the HR function in CERA. Article 1: This study would be effective for Israel as this article deals with the empirical exploration of the theoretical frameworks regarding the roles of corporate HR in the Global Talent Management (Ho, Lo Teo, 2013). In particular, it mainly expands the knowledge of the HR professionals regarding the process of global talent management in two sectors such as the professional as well as financial services. Most importantly, this article has demonstrated how the roles of Corporate Human Resource in Global Talent Management are influenced through the approach of GTM and international business strategy (Lester, Virick Clapp-Smith, 2016). In this article, GTM has been portrayed to be widely embedded in the wider the business shifts and structure in the globalization direction within the sector, enabling the episodes and epochs of internationalization (Ho, Lo Teo, 2013). Therefore, all the facts portrayed in this study would support the pitch of Israel for persuading the executive team of CE RA and Mark French. Article 2: This study would also be proven very significant for Israel as this article has examined the espoused competencies of the HR functions in literature. Moreover, this article has also examined to shed light on the transforming nature of the Human Resource function. This article has also portrayed the importance of the competencies of Human Resource for the effective performance of the Human Resource function which is such an area that has achieved the enhancing interest over the last 20 years (Sparrow, Farndale Scullion, 2013). On the other hand, the strategic Human Resource competencies are based on the alignment of the Human Resource activities (Alfes et al., 2013). There are five useful domains of the Human Resource competencies, which fall under the functional and strategic categories former incorporating business knowledge and strategic contribution as well as the latter incorporating HR technology, HR delivery and personal credibility (Sparrow, Farndale Scullion, 2013). Therefo re, this article has examined the necesssities of HR supply-side competencies for the HR function which can play an effective role in evaluating the changes in the Human Resource function. Thus, the entire facts illustrated in this study would significantly support the pitch of Israel for persuading the executive team of CERA and Mark French. CRAP Test 1 Currency Reliability Authority Purpose or Point of View This article is almost four years older from this current year However, this article is current enough for the topic regarding strategic value of Hr function This resource or article is comprised of the secondary information On the other hand, the content of this article is primarily an opinion which is balanced for the current topic of this study The authors of this article have provided valid sources as well as references for the data or quotations provided within the article. The names of the authors are Paul Sparrow, Elaine Farndale and Hugh Scullion Credential of Paul Sparrow - Centre for Performance-led HR, Lancaster University Management School, Bailrigg, Lancaster, UK Credential of Elaine Farndale Department of Labor Studies and Employment relations, Pennsylvania state university, University Park, PA, USA Credential of Hugh Scullion Department of Management, J.E. Cairnes School of Business and Public Policy. The name of the publisher is Routledge The content of this particular article explores the fact regarding the strategic value of the HR function It is not biased as this article has provided a completely neutral view. CRAP Test 2 Currency Reliability Authority Purpose or Point of View This article is almost four years older from this current year However, this article is current enough for the topic regarding strategic value of Hr function This resource or article is comprised of the secondary information On the other hand, the content of this article is primarily a fact which is balanced for the current topic of this study The authors of this article have provided valid sources as well as references for the data or quotations provided within the article. The names of the authors are Marcus Ho, Karen Lo and Stephen T. T. Teo Credentials of the authors are that all the three authors are associated with New Zealand Work Research Institute and Department of Management Auckland University of Technology The name of the publisher of this article is Global Science Technology Forum The content of this particular article explores the fact regarding the strategic value of the HR function This article is not biased at all as this article has provided a completely neutral view. Conclusions Regarding the Nature of Information After conducting the entire analysis based on the context of evidence based HRM system, a significant conclusion can be drawn regarding the nature of information that should be utilized for informing practice. Moreover, the importance of the evidence based Human Resource Management has been properly portrayed within the Human Resource practices. As a conclusion, it can be stated that the evidence based HRM as well as the strategies associated with it can play a significant role in this regard. By informing practices, the evidence based Human Resource Management system can play a significant role in Human Resource in order to enable the companies for meeting their strategic objectives. On the other hand, it would also help CERA for understanding in a wider way regarding the value of the employees of the organization and what makes them productive and keeps them involved. Therefore, in this regard, the HR professionals have the major roles and responsibilities for fostering on serving the strategic agenda of CERA. Thus, the two selected articles can significantly be utilized in terms of supporting the pitch of Israel to persuade or convince Mark French as well as the executive team of CERA. References Alfes, K., Shantz, A. D., Truss, C., Soane, E. C. (2013). The link between perceived human resource management practices, engagement and employee behaviour: a moderated mediation model.The international journal of human resource management,24(2), 330-351. Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. de Waal, A., Roobol, M. (2014, October). Applying evidence-based HRM: the case of bonuses in the home furnishing industry. InEvidence-based HRM: a Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship(Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 192-208). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Gubbins, C., Rousseau, D. M. (2015). Embracing Translational HRD Research for Evidence?Based Management: Let's Talk About How to Bridge the ResearchPractice Gap.Human Resource Development Quarterly,26(2), 109-125. HakemZadeh, F., Baba, V. V. (2016). Measuring the actionability of evidence for evidence-based management.Management Decision,54(5), 1183-1204. Ho, M., Lo, K., Teo, S. (2013, July). Evolving function and competencies: Assessing the changes in the literature on human resource (HR) competencies for the HR function across two decades (1990-2012). Global Science Technology Forum. Lester, G. V., Virick, M., Clapp-Smith, R. (2016). Harnessing Global Mindset to Positively Impact Advances in Global Leadership through International Human Resource Management Practices. InAdvances in Global Leadership(pp. 325-349). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Marler, J. H., Fisher, S. L. (2013). An evidence-based review of e-HRM and strategic human resource management.Human Resource Management Review,23(1), 18-36. Sparrow, P., Brewster, C., Chung, C. (2016).Globalizing human resource management. Routledge. Sparrow, P., Farndale, E., Scullion, H. (2013). An empirical study of the role of the corporate HR function in global talent management in professional and financial service firms in the global financial crisis.The International Journal of Human Resource